Second, I make a distinction between two broad types: translation validity and criterion-related validity. As a result, there is a need to take a well-established measurement procedure, which acts as your criterion, but you need to create a new measurement procedure that is more appropriate for the new context, location, and/or culture. All of the other terms address this general issue in different ways. Or is it actually measuring the respondent’s mood, self-esteem, or some other construct? by If anything is still unclear, or if you didn’t find what you were looking for here, leave a comment and we’ll see if we can help. However, it can be useful in the initial stages of developing a method. Each of these is discussed in turn: To create a shorter version of a well-established measurement procedure. In Also called concrete validity, criterion validity refers to a test’s correlation with a concrete outcome. If some types of algebra are left out, then the results may not be an accurate indication of students’ understanding of the subject. It’s central to establishing the overall validity of a method. However, irrespective of whether a new measurement procedure only needs to be modified, or completely altered, it must be based on a criterion (i.e., a well-established measurement procedure). Validity tells you how accurately a method measures something. ). Concurrent validity pertains to the extent to which the measurement tool relates to other scales measuring the same construct and that have already been validated (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955). Face validity considers how suitable the content of a test seems to be on the surface. Discriminant validity (or divergent validity) tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, in fact, not have any relationship. There is no objective, observable entity called “depression” that we can measure directly. Like other forms of validity, criterion validity is not something that your measurement procedure has (or doesn't have). • Content Validity -- inspection of items for “proper domain” • Construct Validity -- correlation and factor analyses to check on discriminant validity of the measure • Criterion-related Validity -- predictive, concurrent and/or postdictive convergent validity. In the context of questionnaires the term criterion validity is used to mean the extent to which items on a questionnaire are actually measuring the real-world states or events that they are intended to measure. You review the survey items, which ask questions about every meal of the day and snacks eaten in between for every day of the week. September 6, 2019 C onvergent validity and discriminant validity are commonly regarded as ways to assess the construct validity of a measurement procedure (Campbell & Fiske, 1959). Construct Validity: Convergent vs. Discriminant. Constructvalidity occurs when the theoretical constructs of cause and effect accurately represent the real-world situations they are intended to model. To assess how well the test really does measure students’ writing ability, she finds an existing test that is considered a valid measurement of English writing ability, and compares the results when the same group of students take both tests. If you develop a questionnaire to diagnose depression, you need to know: does the questionnaire really measure the construct of depression? It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. This is an extremely important point. This well-established measurement procedure is the criterion against which you are comparing the new measurement procedure (i.e., why we call it criterion validity). Content validity assesses whether a test is representative of all aspects of the construct. It is usually an established or widely-used test that is already considered valid. A university professor creates a new test to measure applicants’ English writing ability. Convergent Validity is a sub-type of construct validity. Criterion validity evaluates how closely the results of your test correspond to the results of a different test. You need to consider the purpose of the study and measurement procedure; that is, whether you are trying (a) to use an existing, well-established measurement procedure in order to create a new measurement procedure (i.e., concurrent validity), or (b) to examine whether a measurement procedure can be used to make predictions (i.e., predictive validity). When they do not, this suggests that new measurement procedures need to be created that are more appropriate for the new context, location, and/or culture of interest. -> correlation decreases->threat to criterion validity. From: The Measurement of Health and Health Status, 2017. However, the one difference is that an existing measurement procedure may not be too long (e.g., having only 40 questions in a survey), but would encourage much greater response rates if shorter (e.g., having just 18 questions). Criterion validity evaluates how closely the results of your test correspond to the … the importance of criterion-related validity depends on. Published on It could also be argued that testing for criterion validity is an additional way of testing the construct validity of an existing, well-established measurement procedure. To achieve construct validity, you have to ensure that your indicators and measurements are carefully developed based on relevant existing knowledge. If there is a high correlation, this gives a good indication that your test is measuring what it intends to measure. It’s similar to content validity, but face validity is a more informal and subjective assessment. the importance of the decision you are making with them. In the section discussing validity, the manual does not break down the evidence by type of validity. It says 'Does it measure the cons… It mentions at the beginning before any validity evidence is discussed that "historically, this type of evidence has been referred to as concurrent validity, convergent and discriminant validity, predictive validity, and criterion-related validity." If you think of contentvalidity as the extent to which a test correlates with (i.e., corresponds to) thecontent domain, criterion validity is similar in that it is the extent to which atest … Two methods are often applied to test convergent validity. Criterion validity. This sometimes encourages researchers to first test for the concurrent validity of a new measurement procedure, before later testing it for predictive validity when more resources and time are available. If the outcomes are very similar, the new test has a high criterion validity. The concepts of reliability, validity and utility are explored and explained. Convergent validity, a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. Again, measurement involves assigning scores to individuals so that they represent some characteristic of the individuals. Sometimes just finding out more about the construct (which itself must be valid) can be helpful. A measurement procedure can be too long because it consists of too many measures (e.g., a 100 question survey measuring depression). Conclusions. However, such content may have to be completely altered when a translation into Chinese is made because of the fundamental differences in the two languages (i.e., Chinese and English). In the case of pre-employment tests, the two variables being compared most frequently are test scores and a particular business metric, such as employee performance or retention rates. Concurrent validity is a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. Nonetheless, the new measurement procedure (i.e., the translated measurement procedure) should have criterion validity; that is, it must reflect the well-established measurement procedure upon which is was based. Conversely, discriminant validityshows that two measures that are not supposed to be related are in fact, unrelated. extent to which the test NOT correlates with other tests, which measure unrelated criterions. June 19, 2020. Convergent validity is one of the topics related to construct validity (Gregory, 2007). You want to create a shorter version of an existing measurement procedure, which is unlikely to be achieved through simply removing one or two measures within the measurement procedure (e.g., one or two questions in a survey), possibly because this would affect the content validity of the measurement procedure [see the article: Content validity]. Construct validity evaluates whether a measurement tool really represents the thing we are interested in measuring. There are four main types of validity: Note that this article deals with types of test validity, which determine the accuracy of the actual components of a measure. The new measurement procedure may only need to be modified or it may need to be completely altered. You will have to build a case for the criterion validity of your measurement procedure; ultimately, it is something that will be developed over time as more studies validate your measurement procedure. Discriminant validity tests whether believed unrelated constructs are, in fact, unrelated. Again, measurement involves assigning scores to individuals so that they represent some characteristic of the individuals. These are two different types of criterion validity, each of which has a specific purpose. The answer is that they conduct research using the measure to confirm that the scores make sense based on their understanding of the construct being measured. In the figure below, we see four measures (each is an item on a scale) that all purport to reflect the construct of self esteem. Hope you found this article helpful. To produce valid results, the content of a test, survey or measurement method must cover all relevant parts of the subject it aims to measure. For instance, Item 1 might be the statement “I feel good about myself” rated using a 1-to-5 Likert-type response format. There are many occasions when you might choose to use a well-established measurement procedure (e.g., a 42-item survey on depression) as the basis to create a new measurement procedure (e.g., a 19-item survey on depression) to measure the construct you are interested in (e.g., depression, sleep quality, employee commitment, etc.). But based on existing psychological research and theory, we can measure depression based on a collection of symptoms and indicators, such as low self-confidence and low energy levels. ), provided that they yield quantitative data. A good experiment turns the theory (constructs) into actual things you can measure. verbal reasoning should be related to other types of reasoning, like visual reasoning. This well-established measurement procedure acts as the criterion against which the criterion validity of the new measurement procedure is assessed. Similarly, if she includes questions that are not related to algebra, the results are no longer a valid measure of algebra knowledge. Criterion validity A measurement technique has criterion validity if its results are closely related to those given by You are conducting a study in a new context, location and/or culture, where well-established measurement procedures no longer reflect the new context, location, and/or culture. However, to ensure that you have built a valid new measurement procedure, you need to compare it against one that is already well-established; that is, one that already has demonstrated construct validity and reliability [see the articles: Construct validity and Reliability in research]. Constructs can be characteristics of individuals, such as intelligence, obesity, job satisfaction, or depression; they can also be broader concepts applied to organizations or social groups, such as gender equality, corporate social responsibility, or freedom of speech. There are, however, some limitations to criterion -related validity… If it doesn’t show any signs of this validity, it may be measuring something else. Please click the checkbox on the left to verify that you are a not a bot. Criterion validity is the most powerful way to establish a pre-employment test’s validity. Indeed, sometimes a well-established measurement procedure (e.g., a survey), which has strong construct validity and reliability, is either too long or longer than would be preferable. Construct validity is about ensuring that the method of measurement matches the construct you want to measure. From: Addictive Behaviors, 2012. Convergent validity and divergent validity are ways to assess the construct validity of a measurement procedure (Campbell & Fiske, 1959). Randomisation is a powerful tool for increasing internal validity - see confounding. Example of Predictive (criterion-related validity) ... example of convergent validity. A. Criterion-related validity Predictive validity. Criterion related validity refers to how strongly the scores on the test are related to other behaviors. To establish convergent validity, you need to show that measures that should be related are in reality related. Convergent validity tests that constructs that are expected to be related are, in fact, related. The answer is that they conduct research using the measure to confirm that the scores make sense based on their understanding of th… There are a number of reasons why we would be interested in using criterions to create a new measurement procedure: (a) to create a shorter version of a well-established measurement procedure; (b) to account for a new context, location, and/or culture where well-established measurement procedures need to be modified or completely altered; and (c) to help test the theoretical relatedness and construct validity of a well-established measurement procedure. Concurrent Validity. Testing for concurrent validity is likely to be simpler, more cost-effective, and less time intensive than predictive validity. External validity is about generalization: To what extent can an effect in research, be generalized to populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables?External validity is usually split into two distinct types, population validity and ecological validity and they are both essential elements in judging the strength of an experimental design. Compare your paper with over 60 billion web pages and 30 million publications. In this article, we first explain what criterion validity is and when it should be used, before discussing concurrent validity and predictive validity, providing examples of both. Convergent validity takes two measures that are supposed to be measuring the same construct and shows that they are related. discriminant. Reliability contains the concepts of internal consistency and stability and equivalence. For example, participants that score high on the new measurement procedure would also score high on the well-established test; and the same would be said for medium and low scores. Convergent validity is a subcategory of construct validity. Ps… If you are unsure what construct validity is, we recommend you first read: Construct validity.Convergent validity helps to establish construct validity when you use two different measurement procedures and research … The criteria are measuring instruments that the test-makers previously evaluated. • If the test has the desired correlation with the criterion, the n you have sufficient evidence for criterion -related validity. Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Convergent and criterion-related validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scale.'. Convergent Validity – When two similar questions reveal the same result. The validity of a test is constrained by its reliability. Therefore, you have to create new measures for the new measurement procedure. A construct refers to a concept or characteristic that can’t be directly observed, but can be measured by observing other indicators that are associated with it. Construct validity is the approximate truth of the conclusion that your operationalization accurately reflects its construct. Criterion validity reflects the use of a criterion - a well-established measurement procedure - to create a new measurement procedure to measure the construct you are interested in. However, rather than assessing criterion validity, per se, determining criterion validity is a choice between establishing concurrent validity or predictive validity. "Convergent validity refers to the degree to which scores on a test correlate with (or are related to) scores on other tests that are designed to assess the same construct. Criterion validity is demonstrated when there is a strong relationship between the scores from the two measurement procedures, which is typically examined using a correlation. Revised on As face validity is a subjective measure, it’s often considered the weakest form of validity. Concurrent validity refers to whether a test’s scores actually evaluate the test’s questions. This is related to how well the experiment is operationalized. Results. Criterion validity is a good test of whether such newly applied measurement procedures reflect the criterion upon which they are based. extent to which the test correlates with other tests, which measure the same criterion. There are two things to think about when choosing between concurrent and predictive validity: The purpose of the study and measurement procedure. To help test the theoretical relatedness and construct validity of a well-established measurement procedure. Concurrent vs. Predictive Validity Concurrent validity is one of the two types of criterion-related validity . Fiona Middleton. The criterion is an external measurement of the same thing. On the bottom part of the figure (Observation) w… In quantitative research, you have to consider the reliability and validity of your methods and measurements. Since the English and French languages have some base commonalities, the content of the measurement procedure (i.e., the measures within the measurement procedure) may only have to be modified. On its surface, the survey seems like a good representation of what you want to test, so you consider it to have high face validity. But how do researchers know that the scores actually represent the characteristic, especially when it is a construct like intelligence, self-esteem, depression, or working memory capacity? Construct validity means that a test designed to measure a particular construct (i.e. You create a survey to measure the regularity of people’s dietary habits. Criterion validity is the degree to which test scores correlate with, predict, orinform decisions regarding another measure or outcome. But how do researchers know that the scores actually represent the characteristic, especially when it is a construct like intelligence, self-esteem, depression, or working memory capacity? If you are doing experimental research, you also need to consider internal and external validity, which deal with the experimental design and the generalizability of results. Whilst the measurement procedure may be content valid (i.e., consist of measures that are appropriate/relevant and representative of the construct being measured), it is of limited practical use if response rates are particularly low because participants are simply unwilling to take the time to complete such a long measurement procedure. Convergent validity refers to how closely the new scale is related to other variables and other measures of the same construct. Criterion validity (concurrent and predictive validity) There are many occasions when you might choose to use a well-established measurement procedure (e.g., a 42-item survey on depression) as the basis to create a new measurement procedure (e.g., a 19-item survey on depression) to measure the construct you are interested in (e.g., depression, sleep quality, employee commitment, etc. This type of validity is similar to predictive validity. If a method measures what it claims to measure, and the results closely correspond to real-world values, then it can be considered valid. Criterion validity refers to the ability of the test to predict some criterion behavior external to the test itself. The measurement procedures could include a range of research methods (e.g., surveys, structured observation, or structured interviews, etc. To assess criterion validity in your dissertation, you can choose between establishing the concurrent validity or predictive validity of your measurement procedure. This may be a time consideration, but it is also an issue when you are combining multiple measurement procedures, each of which has a large number of measures (e.g., combining two surveys, each with around 40 questions). The questionnaire must include only relevant questions that measure known indicators of depression. After all, if the new measurement procedure, which uses different measures (i.e., has different content), but measures the same construct, is strongly related to the well-established measurement procedure, this gives us more confidence in the construct validity of the existing measurement procedure. 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